The thesis or dissertation is the single
most important element of a research degree. It is a test of the student’s
ability to undertake and complete a sustained piece of independent research and
analysis, and to write up that research in a coherent form according to the
rules and conventions of the academic community. As the official language of
study at CEU is English, students are required to write the thesis/dissertation
in English to a standard that native speaker academics would find acceptable. A
satisfactory thesis should not only be adequate in its methodology, in its
analysis and in its argument, and adequately demonstrate its author’s
familiarity with the relevant literature; it should also be written in correct,
coherent language, in an appropriate style, correctly following the conventions
of citation. It should, moreover, have a logical and visible structure and
development that should at all times assist the reader’s understanding of the
argument being presented and not obscure it. The layout and physical appearance
of the thesis should also conform to university standards.
The purpose of this document is to outline
the standard requirements and guidelines that a master’s thesis or PhD
dissertation (hereafter the term ‘thesis’ is used to cover both MA and PhD
except where the PhD dissertation is distinguished) should adhere to in the
area of organisation and writing skills in order to be accepted at CEU. Most
requirements will be similar for both MA and PhD level; where there are
differences, these are specified. These guidelines touch only tangentially on
questions of methodology and content as these are likely to be subject
specific, and will be limited to those issues that are generally true across
disciplines. For information on discipline-specific requirements, deadlines for
submission, and for documents required in preparation for the thesis, such as
proposals, outlines, or annotated bibliographies, students should consult their
departmental coordinator.
1. Language and Format
The thesis should be written in English.
Quotations should normally be in English, with the original language included
in a footnote where appropriate. Exceptions to this may be made when discipline
specific guidelines permit (for example the use of Latin in Medieval Studies),
or when issues such as the wording of the original language or the difference
between different translations are under discussion. Other exceptions are short
phrases in Latin or French typically used in English, such as ‘raison d’être’ or ‘inter alia’ which should be written in italics. For specific
guidance in this area, students should consult their supervisor or another
member of their department. Book titles, magazine titles, and newspaper titles
may appear in their original language as long as English translations are given
in parentheses or in a footnote. Cyrillic, Arabic and other non-Latin scripts
should use their Latin equivalent. Where more than one transliteration style
exists, a single style should be used consistently. Students should consult
their academic writing instructor or advisor concerning proper transliteration
procedures.
1.1 Ordering of parts
Parts of the
thesis should be ordered as follows:
1.
Title page Required
2. Copyright notice (if
required by department)
3.
Abstract or
executive summary (as
required by department)
4. Acknowledgements
or dedications Optional
5.
Table of contents Required
6. List of Figures,
Tables or Illustrations Where
required
7. List of
Abbreviations Where
required
8.
Body of the
thesis Required
9. Appendices Where
required
10. Glossary Where
required
11. Bibliography/Reference list Required
Students should consult their department as
to whether any other discipline specific components should be included and if
so where.
1.2 Layout and Appearance
·
The thesis should be computer
printed on white A4 paper in Times New Roman, Garamond or Arial 12pt. The
thesis may be printed double-sided or single-sided depending on departmental
requirements. Double-spacing should be used in the abstract and text of the
thesis. Single spacing should be used in long tables, block quotations
separated from the text, footnotes, and bibliographical entries. Paragraphs
should be indented, or an empty line left between paragraphs, depending on
departmental requirements.
·
Margins should be one inch or
2.5 cm on all sides, and page size should be set to A4, not US letter. Pages
should be numbered at the bottom in the centre, using Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3)
starting with the first page of the thesis proper (i.e. the first page of the
introduction). Pages prior to this should be numbered with lowercase Roman
numerals (i, ii, iii.)
- Chapters should start on a new page, but sections and subsections should not.
See the
sample thesis page at the end of this document for an example of page layout.
1.3 Structure of initial parts
1.3.1 Title page
The title page should provide the following
information in the following order:
The full title of
the thesis
The candidate’s name
The department and
name of the university
The statement: “In partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the degree of Masters of Arts/Sciences”
The supervisors’
names
The place of
submission (Budapest, Hungary)
The year of
submission
See the
sample title page at the end of this document for an example of title page
layout.
1.3.2 Declaration of Authorship/Copyright Notice
Some departments require a declaration of
authorship or copyright notice. Students should consult their department for
the specific wording.
1.3.3 Abstract or Executive Summary
For an MA thesis, the abstract should be
between 100 and 250 words, depending on departmental requirements. For the
length of a PhD abstract, please consult departmental requirements. The
abstract should normally include the following information: (1) a statement of
the problem the research sets out to resolve; (2) the methodology used; (3) the
major findings. Other information is optional unless required by the
department.
1.3.4 Acknowledgements
This is an optional page acknowledging people who provided the author with assistance in the thesis project, notably,
but not only the thesis supervisor.
1.3.5 Table of Contents
The thesis must have a table of contents
page listing chapter headings, section headings and sub-headings, Appendices
and references as well as their corresponding page number. The ‘Table of
Contents’ feature of Microsoft Word (or other word-processing software where
permitted by the department) should normally be used to create a table of
contents and this should be done after final editing so that pages referred to
in the table of contents are correctly numbered.
1.3.6 List of Figures, Tables or Illustrations
If appropriate, a separate list of figures,
tables, or illustrations should be included on a separate page immediately
following the table of contents.
1.3.7 List of Abbreviations
If the thesis makes use of a large number
of abbreviations that may be unfamiliar to a reader, providing a list of them
can act as a useful guide.
1.4 Structure of final parts
1.4.1 Appendices
Appendices may be needed for formulae,
maps, diagrams, interview protocols, or any similar data that are not contained
in the body of the thesis. These should be provided after the conclusion in the
logical order they are mentioned in the main body. A list of appendices should
be drawn up, each being given a consecutive number or a letter, and placed in
the table of contents. If there are several appendices each should receive a
title. If the thesis includes non-paper appendices such as computer data,
software, or audio-visual material, students should consult departmental
guidelines as to how to append and refer to these.
1.4.2 Glossary
A list of special technical words or
acronyms may be necessary. This is particularly true if the subject deals with
a new area with a specialised vocabulary that the average reader in the
discipline might not be familiar with, such as the Internet. This list should
come after the appendices.
1.4.3 Bibliography/Reference List
A list of the sources used in the thesis
must be supplied which complies with the same departmental style guidelines
used in the body of the thesis – this list should include only those sources cited in the thesis.
2. Structure of the thesis
The thesis should be divided into logical
chapters and include an introduction and a conclusion. The introduction and
conclusion may or may not be counted as chapters, depending on departmental
requirements. Excluding the introduction and conclusion, the thesis will
normally be expected to have not less than three and not more than six
chapters, unless this has been agreed with the supervisor. The chapters should
reflect the nature and stages of the research.
Depending on the department, the
introduction and conclusion may either be given titles and counted as the first
and last chapter, or alternatively be entitled ‘Introduction’ and ‘Conclusion’
and the first chapter after the introduction numbered Chapter 1. Students should
familiarise themselves with departmental guidelines on this point.
2.1 Organisation of the thesis
2.1.1. Introduction
The
following information is meant to serve as a general suggestion for those
uncertain how to structure their work, not as a rigid prescription.
Particularly at PhD level the supervisor may be a better guide as to how the
dissertation should be structured.
2.1.1. Introduction
The thesis should normally begin with a
general introduction presenting an overview of what it is about and situating
it in the existing research. The introduction should show why the topic
selected is worth investigating and why it is of significance in the field.
This will normally be done with reference to existing research, identifying
areas that have not been explored, need to be explored further, or where new
research findings justify a reconsideration of established knowledge. At MA
level, a significant contribution to the field is not expected, however, the
thesis should claim to make a contribution in the sense that it goes beyond summarising the work of others and contains original analysis and thinking
towards the solving of a relevant problem. It is also recommended that this
contribution be made explicit. At PhD level, the contribution of the work to
the discipline should not only be significant but explicit. The nature of this
contribution should be discussed with the supervisor.
Having precisely defined the research
problem, the introduction should propose a response to this problem, normally
in the form of a solution. This response should make explicit the objective of
the research, not simply state an intention to explore or discuss. The thesis
statement may include a brief indication of the author’s position or overall
findings, depending on the department. If appropriate to the nature of the
research, the chosen methodology may also be introduced after the thesis
statement. The final section of the introduction should briefly outline the
structure of the body of the thesis. Where appropriate, this can be linked to
and follow logically from the description of the methodology.
2.1.2. Conclusion
The introduction and conclusion are closely
related to each other, thus students should take care in drafting and revising
to ensure that these parts reflect and do not contradict one another. The
conclusion should provide answers or solutions – to the extent this is possible
– to the questions or problems raised in the introduction. The argumentation of
the thesis should be summarised briefly, and the writer’s main argument or
findings restated clearly, without going into unnecessary detail or including
additional arguments not dealt with in the body. The conclusion will normally
be expected to return to the wider context from which the thesis departed in the
introduction and place the findings in this context. The writer should, if
appropriate, elaborate on how the research findings and results will contribute
to the field in general and what sort of broader implications these may have.
There is no need to hide the limitations of the thesis to the extent that these
are appropriate to a work of this type (e.g. constraints of space, depth of
research, etc.). Suggestions may be made for further research where
appropriate, but this is not a requirement. It may be that some disciplines
(notably mathematics) require a different approach to this part of the thesis.
In such cases the discipline specific guidelines should overrule these
guidelines.
2.1.3. Literature Review
Depending on the
discipline and the nature of the research, the existing literature may be
reviewed in the introduction or part of a chapter, or a separate literature
review chapter may be appropriate. At PhD level the last option is the most
likely, but again this should be discussed with the supervisor. The purpose of
the literature review is to summarise, evaluate and where appropriate compare
those main developments and current debates in the field which are specifically
relevant to the research area, according to the guiding principle embodied in the
thesis statement. In effect, the literature review shows that the writer is
familiar with the field and simultaneously lays the ground for subsequent
analysis or presentation and discussion of empirical data, as appropriate.
Well-selected sources should convince the audience that research gaps have been
identified correctly and that the writer has posed the right research
questions, which will then be further addressed in subsequent chapters. Rather
than simply summarising other authors’ work, the chapter should make clear the
writer’s position in relation to the issues raised. The literature review
should have a logical structure (whether by chronological, thematic or other
criteria) and this should be made explicit to the reader. Like any other chapter,
a literature review chapter should have its own introduction and conclusion.
2.2 Appropriate use of headings and subheadings
Headings should be
distinguished from the surrounding text by a larger point size, a different
font, bolding, italics, or a combination of these. All headings of the same
level should use the same style, and headings at lower levels should be less
prominent than those at higher levels. If there are departmental style
guidelines for headings, these should be followed.
Example (not department
specific):
Chapter 2 – Title (Arial Bold Small caps 14 point)2.1 Heading for section (Arial Bold Italic 12 point)2.1.1 Heading for sub-section (Times Bold 12 point)2.1.1.1 Heading for part of sub-section (Arial Bold 10 point) |
All headings should
be left-aligned, except chapter headings, which may be centred. A heading at
the bottom of the page must have at least two full lines of text below it.
Otherwise, the heading should begin on the next page. Captions related to
visual material (graphs, tables, maps) should appear on the same page as the
material itself. Chapter and section headings should be consistently numbered
according to the numbering system recommended by the department. It should not
normally be necessary to go beyond three levels of sections in an MA thesis,
though this is possible in a PhD dissertation. When in doubt, students should
consult their supervisor.
There are two types of heading numbering:
Chapter 1,
section 1.1, subsection 1.1.1, sub-subsection 1.1.1.1 (more typical for socialsciences)
or
Chapter I,
section A, subsection 1, sub-subsection a) (more typical
for humanities)
Please consult your department as to which
is preferable.
All tables and figures should also be
numbered, either sequentially within each section e.g. 1.1, 1.2 and then
restarted sequentially in the next section e.g. 2.1, 2.2. Alternatively, they
can be sequentially numbered from Table 1, Table 2, etc., throughout the whole
work.
Headings should clearly reflect what the
chapter or section is about, and should be expressed in the form of a concise
noun phase (normally less than one line), not a sentence. Information which is
present in a higher level heading need not be repeated in a subordinate
heading. Where possible, headings at the same level of hierarchy should have
similar structure (e.g. 3.1 Common Law,
3.2 Continental Law, and not 3.1
Common Law, 3.2 The Supreme Court).
3. Text Development and Coherence
The MA thesis should be written for a
reader who is a specialist in the discipline but not necessarily a specialist
on the specific topic or question, even if the immediate supervisor is a
specialist in exactly this narrow topic. The PhD dissertation should be written
for a more specialised audience but should remain comprehensible to any member
of the defence committee. The writer should take care to ensure that sentences
and paragraphs flow logically from each other and do not demand knowledge the
reader might not be expected to share in order to make these relationships
clear. Where there is doubt as to the connection between two ideas, the onus is
on the student to make this explicit not on the reader to try to deduce the
connection.
3.1 Paragraph Development
A paragraph is a text unit of several
sentences dealing with a single issue, topic or aspect. It should not therefore
(except in special circumstances), be a single sentence, nor should it deal
with a range of topics. The paragraph should develop one idea, through
illustration or analysis, to a conclusion. It should normally start with a
topic sentence indicating what it is about, develop this topic through further
sentences until the topic is concluded and a new topic or a different aspect is
ready to be broached. In linking sentences logically and coherently to one
another, the writer should ensure that transition devices (e.g. however, similarly, in consequence, etc)
are used appropriately wherever there is a danger that the connection between
two sentences may be unclear. Reference back to previous sentences (e.g. this, these, such, this question, these
issues, this situation) should also be used wherever it can help make the
flow of logic clearer. When an already mentioned theme and new information
about it are dealt with in one sentence, the theme should normally come first
and the new information second, so as to facilitate the reader’s understanding.
For more detailed guidelines on
paragraph development, students should refer to the Writing Center course
materials or the relevant webpage http://www.ceu.hu/writing/para.html, or
consult a writing instructor.
3.2 Transition between paragraphs
Although a
well-structured paragraph is a unit in itself, paragraphs should also logically
develop and flow from each other using devices similar to those that link
sentences within the paragraph. Where the reason for a shift of topic or
approach might be unclear to the reader, this should be explained. Sections,
like paragraphs, should have both coherence and cohesion, and should make use
of appropriate linguistic devices to lead the reader logically and clearly
through the stages of the writer’s analysis or exposition.
4. Language and Style
The thesis should be written in an
appropriate formal academic style. While it is not possible to prescribe the
use or avoidance of the first person or the passive, or the length of
sentences, students should make efforts to use the resources available to them,
such as style manuals recommended by their department, the Writing Center
course materials or the relevant webpage http://www.ceu.hu/writing/style.html to
assess whether their written style is appropriate to their discipline.
Excessive or superfluous use of jargon or technical terms should be avoided and
any term or acronym that would not be understood by a non-specialist reader within the discipline should be
explained and/or included in a glossary. The thesis should wherever possible use gender neutral language, avoiding
the use of male-specific words such as ‘man’ or ‘chairman’ where these could be
considered inappropriately exclusive or discriminatory.
Students should make every effort to ensure
that the thesis is free from grammatical, lexical and punctuation errors. Not
only should a computer spellchecker be used, but the student should also
proof-read the thesis to check that errors do not remain that are not detected
by the spellchecker. The thesis should consistently use either American or British spelling but should not alternate between the two. Students should also be aware that the punctuation rules of English
are almost certainly different from those of their own language and should
familiarise themselves with and apply the rules of English.
When using numbers in the text, numbers up
to one hundred should normally be written in words, and if the first word of a
sentence is a number it should be written in words. Numbers above one hundred
are usually written as numerals (101, 102). For precise guidance, students
should consult the style manual recommended by their department.
It is the student’s duty to use the
available resources during the year so as to master the skills necessary to
write a thesis that is as far as possible error free, and so as to be able to
proof-read that thesis and correct their own errors. Details of the precise use
of punctuation can be found in “A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses,
and Dissertations” by Kate Turabian as well as on the grammar section of the
Center for Academic Writing website under
http://www.ceu.hu/writing/sfaccess.html#Grammar. The website also includes
resources for the learning and correction of grammar points. Further grammar
resources are available in the CEU Multimedia Library.
5. Use of sources and citation style
All source materials, primary or secondary,
published or unpublished that are the intellectual property of authors or
institutions other than the writer of the thesis must be credited and correctly
cited in full, including illustrations, charts, tables, etc. Failure to do so constitutes plagiarism and
will result automatically in a failing grade. Students’ attention is drawn
to the following extract from CEU’s policy document, “Academic Dishonesty and
Plagiarism”
Plagiarising, that is, the offering as one’s own work the words, ideas,
or arguments of another person without appropriate attribution by quotation,
reference or footnote [is a violation of the academic integrity code].
Plagiarism occurs both when the words of another are reproduced without
acknowledgement, and when the ideas or arguments of another are paraphrased in
such a way as to lead the reader to believe that they originated with the
writer. It is the responsibility of
all University students to understand the methods of proper attribution and to
apply those principles in all materials submitted.[1]
5.1 Use of Citation Styles
All citations should include a reference in
the body of the text to the author as well as an entry in the
bibliography/reference list. How this should be done is indicated by the
citation style chosen for the thesis (e.g. Chicago, Harvard, APA, Blue Book
etc.) The thesis should consistently use a single citation style as specified
by the department, (or agreed with the supervisor, if the department permits
flexibility). For precise details on citation style, students should always
consult the style manual recommended by their department. For further information
on the use of sources, students should refer to Writing Center course materials
and/or the following webpages:
http://www.ceu.hu/writing/sources.html
http://www.ceu.hu/writing/sfaccess.html#Sources
http://www.ceu.hu/writing/sfaccess.html#Sources
5.2 Quotation, paraphrase and summary
Source material should be quoted where the
precise wording is specifically relevant or significant, and the quotation
always clearly marked as required by the citation style, including page
numbers. Sources may be paraphrased or summarised where exact wording is not
essential, but care should be taken not to change the original meaning through
paraphrase, and all paraphrased and summarised sources must be fully cited,
including page numbers. Where a quotation has been changed (for example,
capitalisation, punctuation, emphasis changed or a pronoun replaced by a noun),
the changes should be clearly indicated according to the citation style used.
Although interaction with existing research
in the field is a requirement for all academic writing, no part of the thesis
should normally consist purely of summarising the work of others, unless
approved by the supervisor. Summarised or quoted source material should not be
left to stand on its own, but should be introduced, explained, analysed and the
purpose of its use made clear. Where different sources are compared or
contrasted, it should be made explicit to the reader both that this is being
done and why.
Care should be taken to ensure that the
reader is in no doubt as to where a cited author’s ideas end and the comments of
the author of the thesis begin. Where there is doubt, the cited author’s name
(or s/he) can be used in the sentence with an appropriate verb reporting what
that person has said so as to distinguish it from the ideas of the author of
the thesis.
5.3 Data Commentary
Where data is provided in the form of
charts, figures or tables, it should be effectively commented. This includes
not only a clear reference in the text to the table or figure
in which the reader can find the data (e.g. ‘as table 1 shows’), and a summary
of what the data shows. Trends or irregularities should
also be highlighted and the more important findings separated from those that
are less important. The commentary should not simply repeat in sentences all
the information presented in the diagram but should also discuss implications,
problems and/or exceptions in relation to the data in question. As with any
other material taken from the work of other researchers, the source of the
table, graph, illustration, figure or related materials must be stated at the
bottom or in a footnote as specified in the departmental style guidelines.
6. Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETD)[2]
Students must prepare and submit their
theses or dissertations according to the CEU Thesis Writing Guidelines (this
document) and the department-specific guidelines. Students are also required to
convert their thesis/dissertation into a PDF (Portable Document Format) and to
upload the electronic document to CEU’s Electronic Thesis and Dissertations
(ETD) collection, following the specific requirements of their department.
Detailed information on how to create and
upload a PDF to the ETD collection is available on the ETD Guidelines page of
the Computer and Statistics Center’s webpage or on CEU’s e-Learning website:
-
http://www.personal.ceu.hu/comp
-
http://e-learning.ceu.hu/course/category.php?id=21
6.1. Formatting an ETD
Students should plan for formatting their
thesis from the very beginning. It is important to submit an ETD that has a
consistent appearance.
1.
Use tabs, page breaks and
section breaks in formatting your text. Use MS Word tools for creating
cross-references and tables of contents to forego inconsistent pagination.
2.
Except for the title page and
abstract, number all pages in your thesis.
3.
Use standard fonts such as
Times New Roman or Arial for normal body text.
4.
Use only the following picture
formats: JPEG, GIF, TIF and PNG. For onscreen viewing use a resolution of 72 or
75 dpi (dots per inch).
5.
Use Heading styles (Heading 1
through 9) for your chapter titles and subtitles. These will later serve as
internal navigational aids into your ETD as PDF-Xchange automatically generates
bookmarks for MS Word Headings. All submitted PDF documents MUST have bookmark
links.
6. 2. Creating an ETD
To
convert the word document into PDF, use the PDF Xchange software available from Novell Delivered Applications
and follow the ETD Creation Guidelines at either
of the above mentioned websites. Please make sure that pagination is consistent
and all hyperlinks and headings are fully functional. The ETD file must display
clearly and properly on a monitor screen. Files submitted in unacceptable or
corrupted formats will be refused.
6.3. Uploading an ETD
After converting the thesis from MS Word
document into PDF format, upload your ETD to the CEU Electronic Theses and
Dissertations Collection at http://etd.ceu.hu
. Each ETD will be made available through the Library catalogue in compliance with
pertinent copyright laws.
6.4. ETD Electronic License Agreement
Upon submission of the ETD, students will
be asked to accept the terms of the ETD Electronic License Agreement. A copy of
this agreement is appended to this document, see Appendix 3.
Concluding comments
It is the duty of the student to ensure
that the thesis meets the standards described above, and the duty of the
supervisor and department to ensure that the student takes the necessary steps
to meet these requirements. Where a thesis fails to meet the requirements in
one or more areas, it may be returned for revision and resubmission, or in the
case of plagiarism, a failing grade awarded. Students are encouraged to
familiarise themselves with the above guidelines and to seek help from the support
facilities provided by the university (Writing Center, Library, assistance from
relevant faculty, etc.) whenever necessary and in good time.
Chapter 1: Causes of Nuclear Proliferation
A number of seemingly convincing explanations has been offered to
account for the reasons why countries
decide to develop nuclear weapons. However, nobody challenges the argument that
perception of external threats plays a fundamental role in driving the countries
to develop their nuclear weapons programs. This chapter assesses these
different explanations and argues in favor of the traditional, security
threat-based explanation as the most pertinent to the Indian-Pakistani
conflict.
1.1 Alternative Theoretical Explanations for Nuclear Proliferation
Acquisition of the nuclear weapons provides states with a powerful
means of leverage in international conflicts. Different theories in the realm
of International Relations suggest alternative explanations for the causes of
nuclear proliferation. While all of them contribute to our understanding of why nations want nuclear weapons, the
explanation provided by the realist/neo-realist school still dominates all the
others. It argues that the external threats perceived from the real or
potential adversaries, especially nuclear ones, force the states to acquire
nuclear weapons to be able to protect themselves by threatening to retaliate in
kind, which in turn, causes a security dilemma. This explanation appears to be
the most relevant and applicable to the Indian-Pakistani case[1] for the reasons that will be further elaborated here.
1.1.1 The Security Threat-Based Explanation
While the
debate in IR theory over the causes of states’ decisions to acquire nuclear
weapons and engage in an arms race is divided, many policymakers and most
international relations scholars agree on the traditional and perhaps the most
powerful and convincing expl-
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to the conditions set forth elsewhere in this Agreement after [YEARS: 1 – 20] years of the Effective Date.
[OR] Visitors are not granted
access to the Licensed Material.
[OR] Visitors are granted full access to the Licensed Material, pursuant
to the conditions set forth elsewhere in this Agreement.
IV. Warranties
Licensor hereby represents that the
Licensed Material is corresponding to the Thesis submitted for partial
fulfilment of the requirements toward the degree [DEGREE] to be awarded by CEU
the Licensee.
Licensor represents herewith that the
Licensed Material is the Licensor's original work, based on his/her research
and only such external information as properly credited in notes and bibliography.
Licensor declares that the Licensed Material does not, to the best of its
knowledge, infringe upon anyone else's copyright.
If the Licensed Material contains material
for which Licensor does not hold copyright, the Licensor represents that have
obtained the unrestricted permission of the copyright owner to grant Licensee
the rights required by this Agreement, and that any such third-party owned
material is clearly identified and acknowledged within the text of the Licensed
Material.
Licensor hereby declares that in case of
violation of copyright law by Licensor, it will hold the Licensee harmless from
any compensation to be paid by the Licensee.
V. Dispute Resolution
In case of dispute or controversy arising
out of or relating to this Agreement, laws and regulations of the Republic of
Hungary shall be applicable.
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